Different churches number sacraments differently, and many churches, especially in America, do not have Sacraments at all.  It is worth looking at early American history to learn why this is.

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• The doctrine of Baptism is the single most divisive doctrine in the church.  Historically, the Christian church has always taught that baptism saves, regenerates, forgives sins, and gives the Holy Spirit.  However, thanks to certain events in history over the past few hundred years, more churches have rejected Baptismal Regeneration and turned baptism into a human work, an act of obedience, or unnecessary.  But the Scripture is clear that baptism saves (1 Peter 3:21), that we die to our old nature in baptism and are reborn to our Christlike nature (Romans 6), that it gives us entrance into the Kingdom of God (John 3:5), forgives sins (Acts 2:38-40) and that baptism is for people of all ages.  This is what the Christian church has taught historically since the Apostles.
• The doctrine of the Lord's Supper is almost as divisive as Baptism.  As with Baptism, the Christian church has always taught that our Lord's true body and blood are given in the bread and wine offered in the Lord's Supper, and that it is given for the forgiveness of sins.  However, for many of the same reasons that Baptismal Regeneration was rejected, so too has the Sacramental nature of the Lord's Supper.  Today, in many churches, the Lord's Supper is little more than an appendage which they do from time to time -- but with no real reason.  They say it's to "Remember the Lord," but it connects them to nothing.  Even so, the Scripture is clear.  Jesus, in His own words says, "This [bread] IS my body...this [wine] IS my blood."  St. Paul reaffirms it in 1 Corinthians 10 where he says that the bread is a communion with Christ's body and the cup and communion with Christ's blood (the word can be translated communion, fellowship, participation, and denotes a very close, unbreakable connection).
• Beyond these two sacraments, some churches may have more.  However, in the Lutheran church we only consider two (sometimes three) as sacraments because they are mandated by our Lord.  Sacraments in other churches, particularly in the Roman Catholic church, are defined differently.  They also include confirmation, matrimony, penance, holy orders, and divine unction as sacraments.
• Most evangelical churches in America reject sacramental theology.  This includes any Armenian churches, any Anabaptist churches, "non-denominational" type churches, holiness churches, restorationist churches, four square churches, charismatic churches, and unionizing churches.  Mainline churches such as Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Orthodox, Presbyterians, and Methodists still hold to some sacramental theology, but it does vary.  Lutherans, Roman Catholics, the Anglicans, and Orthodox are the only church bodies which confess that the Lord's body and blood are given in the sacrament, though we each confess it in different ways.  Calvinist/Presbyterians say it's the Lord's body and blood, but only spiritually.

• Absolution is another doctrine that many American churches reject outright.  They say, "Only God can forgive sins," and conclude that any pastor or person who says, "I forgive you" is sinning against the Lord.  However, in Matthew 16:19, Matthew 18:18, and John 20:22-23, as well as throughout the Epistles, the authority to forgive sins is clearly given to the church and her ministers.  But again, this dates back to a time in early American church history and even into the 1600's where, out of pure reaction against the Roman Catholic church, many new church bodies formed rejecting Sacraments and Absolution.

• There are two main camps regarding how we are saved.  The first is monergism and the second synergism.
• The church officially adopted monergism centuries ago when they rejected a man named Pelagius who said that man cooperates with God to be saved.  Even so, there's been many nuances to monergism over the centuries.
• We won't get into them now, but suffice to say that Calvinists believe God intentionally chooses people for salvation, and He intentionally chooses people for damnation.  This is monergism extreme.  Lutherans believe in a less extreme monergism which confesses that God chooses those whom He saves, but those being condemned are so because of their own unwillingness to believe.
• On the other hand, synergism says that God only does some of the work of saving sinners, and that each individual must also do his part.  Typically this is what is known as "decision theology" or "cooperation theology," where the individual must decide to want to be a Christian, that he has enough good will in him to reach up to God.  Synergism was condemned in the early church, but it was brought back to life in 12th century Roman Catholicism, and later in Arminianism.  Arminius, a 17th century theologian, rejected John Calvin's notion that God predestines everyone for heaven or for hell and reawakened the ancient heresy.  Sadly, the heresy stuck and today many mainline and evangelical churches embrace synergism.

Another doctrine that seems to have made great strides in American Christianity has to do with Eschatology or Last Things. As with the Sacraments and Soteriology, the church held to a particular view for most of her history, that is until someone in the modern era came along and rejected it all and started a whole new teaching. Millennialism, the notion that Christ will reign on earth for a literal 1,000 years, comes to us from a man named John Darby. Darby lived in the 1800's. During his life he wrote a version of the Scripture called the Darby Bible, and he came up with a new understanding of the Eschaton. He taught that the 1,000 years in Revelation 20:1-6 is meant to be taken literally, that Christ would reestablish an earthly kingdom in Jerusalem, that the temple in Jerusalem would be rebuilt, and that a literal reading of Revelation is preferred over the traditional reading (as an apocalyptic text). He taught that all the prophecies in Revelation (and some of the prophecies in Daniel and Ezekiel) were futuristic (they have yet to be fulfilled). He also taught that the Jews or nation of Israel would still be saved, but by a different dispensation than that of the rest of the world (they don't need to believe in Jesus to be saved; God will save them differently).

American Evangelical churches bought into Darbism with little push back, and since then many of the TV evangelists have added more to his teaching.  Some have taken advantage of the Millennial view, drawing their people's attention to natural disasters, various wars, events in Israel, etc. as signs of the Lord's coming, and making a lot of money off it all.  Herbert and James Armstrong were huge believers in Premillennial Dispensational teaching and, for years, ran a television program where they explained the Book of Revelation using very graphic and scary drawings.  I remember watching this when I was a kid.

Lutherans are not Premillennial.  We instead embrace the historic/orthodox teaching of Amillennialism.  We believe Revelation is to be read as the people long ago would have received and read it.  They understood the symbols and numbers and it was all meaningful for them in their context.  The Roman Empire was out and about persecuting Christians.  There were false teachers and false Gnostic religions popping up all over the place tempting Christians to abandon orthodoxy and seek after false teachings.  There were endless martyrdoms, Christian families suffered from famine and sickness.  John wrote his apocalypse to those seven churches in Asia Minor to comfort them, exhort them to good works, warn them of apostasy, and assure them of the Lord's return to bring His people home to paradise.